Efficacy of two soft-bristle toothbrushes in plaque removal. A randomized controlled trial / Eficácia de duas escovas de cerdas macias na remoção de Placa. Um ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT The aim of the present examiner-blind randomized controlled clinical study was to compare the efficacy two soft-bristle toothbrushes in terms of plaque removal. Seventy volunteers were randomly allocated to Group A (tapered-tip toothbrush) or Group B (end-rounded toothbrush). At baseline appointment (Day 0), volunteers underwent plaque examination using the Improved Plaque Identification Index. Under supervision, they brushed their teeth for 1 minute with their assigned toothbrushes and the plaque examination was repeated. Volunteers continued the oral hygiene regimen (assigned toothbrush and a regular dentifrice provided by the researchers) for 7 days. The experimental procedures of Day 0 were then repeated. Separate statistical analyses were performed for mean percent reduction of plaque in the whole-mouth, interproximal and gumline scores at both times, usingMann-Whitney test, p<0.05. After a single toothbrushing, on Day 0, mean percent plaque was significantly reduced in both groups (p<0.05), with statistically greater reductions of whole-mouth (21.39±12.44 vs. 11.40±11.17), gumline (6.32±7.37 vs. 2.89±4.57) and interproximal (10.82±10.49 vs. 5.21±7.68) for Group A as compared to Group B. However, on day 7, no significant difference was observed between groups for whole-mouth (29.94±20.91 vs. 26.58±18.64), gymline (14.04±18.82 vs. 13.78±17.63) and interproximal surfaces (26.41±22.77vs. 23.12±20.98) (p>0.05). In conclusion, on Day 0, Group A presented higher efficacy in supragingival plaque removal than Group B, as reflected by whole-mouth, gumline and interproximal plaque scores.

RESUMO O objetivo desse ensaio clínico, examinador-cego, randomizado e controle foi de comparadas a eficácia de duas escovas de cerdas macias em relagäo ao controle de placa. Setenta vo-luntários foram randomicamente alocados para Grupo A (es-cova com ponta cónica) ou Grupo B (escova com ponta arredondada). Na consulta inicial (dia 0), voluntarios receberam exame de placa utilizando o Índice de identificagäo de placa melhorado. Sob supervisäo, eles escovaram seus dentes por 1 minuto com as escovas designadas e o exame de placa foi repetido. Voluntarios continuaram seu regime de higiene oral (escova dental alocada e dentifrício comum fornecidos pelos pesquisadores) durante 7 dias. Os procedimentos da consulta inicial foram novamente repetidos. Análises estatísticas distintas foram realizadas para percentual de redugäo média de placa para os escores de boca toda, interproximal e linha gengi-val em ambos os momentos, utilizando teste de Mann-Whitney, p<0,05. Após único uso da escova, no dia 0, o percentual de redugäo média de placa foi significativamente reduzido em ambos os grupos (p<0,05), com reduções significativas para boca toda (21,39±12,44 vs. 11,40±11,17), linha gengival (6,32±7,37 vs. 2,89±4,57) e interproximal (10,82±10,49 vs. 5,21±7,68) no Grupo A quando comparada com o Grupo B. Entretanto, no dia 7, nenhuma diferenga significativa foi observada entre os grupos para boca toda (29,94±20,91 vs. 26,58±18,64), linha gengival (14,04±18,82 vs. 13,78±17,63) e interproximal (26,41±22,77 vs. 23,12±20,98) (p>0,05). Em conclusäo, no dia 0, a escova do Grupo A apresentou eficácia superior na remo-gäo de placa suprageng ival quando comparada com a escova do Grupo B, como demonstrado nos escores de placa de boca toda, linha gengival e interproximal.

Effect of Obesity and/or Ligature-induced Periodontitis on Aortic Wall Thickness in Wistar Rats / Efeito da obesidade e/ou periodontite induzida por ligadura na espessura da parede da aorta em ratos wistar

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate aortic wall thickness after periodontal disease and/or obesity induction in a Wistar rat model. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (CT), periodontal disease (PD), obesity (OB), and obesity plus periodontal disease (OB+PD). Groups OB and OB+PD received cafeteria diet for 17 weeks. After they had acquired obesity (week 12), periodontal disease was induced by placing a silk ligature on the maxillary right second molar of groups PD and OB+PD. During the experimental period, body weight and Lee index were assessed. Mean alveolar bone loss (ABL) was evaluated, and aortas were prepared for histometric analysis of the aortic wall by ImageJ software. Body weight and Lee index increased in rats exposed to cafeteria diet. Mean ABL was higher in Groups PD and OB+PD than in control and OB (p<0.05). ABL was 18% higher in Group OB+PD than in Group PD, with statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Aortas were thicker in Groups OB and OB+PD than in control and PD groups, respectively (2.31mm ± 0.28 and 2.33 ± 0.29 vs. 2.18 ± 0.26 and 2.14 ± 0.27). Group OB differed significantly from the control group (p=0.036), and OB+PD and OB differed significantly from PD (p=0.004 and p= 0.001, respectively). Obesity alters aortic wall thickness in Wistar rats. However, the presence of periodontal disease did not affect the aortic wall thickness under the conditions of the present study.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a espessura da parede da aorta após modelos de indução de doença periodontal e/ou obesidade em ratos Wistar. Sessenta ratos Wistar machos foram aleatoria mente divididos em quatro grupos: controle (CT), doença periodontal (DP), obesidade (OB), obesidade mais doença periodontal (OB+DP). Os grupos OB e OB+DP rece beram dieta de cafeteria por 17 semanas. Após de adquirirem obesidade, (semana 12), doença periodontal foi induzido pela colocação de ligaduras de seda no segundo molar superior direito dos grupos DP e OB+DP. Durante o período experi mental, o peso corporal e índice de Lee foram obtidos. Média de perda óssea alveolar (POA) foi avaliada e as aortas preparadas para análise histométrica da parede aórtica (em mm) pelo software ImageJ. Ratos expostos a dieta de cafeteria demonstraram um aumento do peso corporal e do índice de Lee. Uma POA media maior foi observada nos grupos DP e OB+DP comparado aos grupos controle e OB (p<0.05). O grupo OB+DP, quando comparado ao grupo DP, apresentou POA 18% maior e essa diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0.001). Os grupos OB e OB+DP exibiram uma espessura de aorta maior comparado aos grupos DP e controle, respectivamente (2.31 ± 0.28 e 2.33 ± 0.29 vs. 2.18 ± 0.26 e 2.14 ± 0.27). Diferenças significativas foram observadas nas comparações dos grupos OB e controle (p=0,036), e OB+DP e OB comparado ao grupo DP (p=0.004 e p= 0.001, respectivamente). A obesidade parece afetar a espessura da parede da aorta em ratos Wistar. Entretanto, a presença de doença periodontal não afetou a espessura da parede da aorta sob as condições do presente estudo.

Dental Care and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Precautionary Principle and the Best Available Evidence

Abstract The precautionary principle is part of evidence-based healthcare and is used both preventively and therapeutically when there is no available evidence about how to manage problems/diseases/conditions that are especially life-threatening. However, since it is not always based in the most qualified evidence, it is frequently questioned. The emergence of a highly contagious disease, with increased levels of morbimortality, an acute respiratory syndrome, the so called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), led health professionals to look for the best alternatives to save lives. In this sense, the precautionary principle was evocated. The aim of this paper is to make a reflection about the precautionary principle, the dental profession and COVID-19. It is important to have in mind that in such a disease, guidelines, protocols and approaches can change very fast, since a continuous evaluation of all policies is mandatory. During the pandemic, elective procedures may be restricted, but international organizations removed the recommendation to postpone elective procedures. Clinicians are advised to be updated about their local current policies. On the other hand, there are cases in which in-office dental care is unavoidable, such as individuals with pain, spontaneous bleeding and dental trauma. Biosafety is upmost importance when seeking patients during pandemic. In this sense, it was concluded that precautionary principle should be, therefore, used. However, caution needs to be taken and continuous surveillance necessary.

Effect of different presentations of resveratrol on cell proliferation and epitelial thickness of the oral mucosa of wistar rats

Introduction: Grape is one of the most important fruit crops across the world and can be consumed in different ways. There has been a growing interest in the role of antioxidants such as resveratrol, which can be found in grape skin, in oral and dental tissues. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different presentations of resveratrol on cell proliferation and epithelial thickness of the oral mucosa of Wistar rats. Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: water/control, red wine, grape juice, 12% alcoholic solution/ethanol and aqueous solution of resveratrol. Samples of palatal and tongue mucosa were collected for a histomorphometric analysis using hematoxylin-eosin staining and the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) technique for quantification of cell proliferation. Results: As to epithelial thickness, both the tongue and the palate showed a statistically significant difference between the control group and the other groups, with greater decrease in the resveratrol and the wine groups. In the suprabasal layer of both the tongue and the palate epithelium, red wine reduced the rate of cell proliferation, while ethanol increased it. In the basal layer of the tongue epithelium, there was a statistically significant difference between the control, the grape juice and the resveratrol groups and the ethanol group, with increased cell proliferation in the ethanol group. Conclusions: Wine does not interfere in the physiological renewal of the basal layer of the buccal epithelium and exerts a protective action by reducing the cell proliferation rate of the suprabasal layer (AU)

Efficacy of two mouthwashes with cetylpyridinium chloride: a controlled randomized clinical trial

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effects of two mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), in comparison to negative control mouthwash. One hundred and twenty subjects were randomly assigned to study groups: test (0.075% CPC and 0.28% zinc lactate), positive control (0.07% CPC) and negative control mouthwash without CPC. All volunteers were examined by a calibrated examiner for the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (Turesky modification) and Löe-Silness Gingival Index (GI). Gingival severity was also measured by the percentage of sites with positive gingival bleeding. During six weeks, oral hygiene consisted of brushing twice daily with a toothbrush and toothpaste and rising with their assigned mouthwash. Plaque and gingival parameters were assessed at baseline, after four and six weeks of product use. Statistical analyses were performed separately for plaque and gingival indices, by ANOVA, paired t-test and ANCOVA (α < 0.05). After 4 and 6 weeks, all mouthwashes groups presented statistically significant reductions in plaque and gingival parameters as compared to baseline. In comparison to the positive control, the test group presented additional reductions in dental plaque of 19.8% and 16.8%, after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. For GI, the additional reductions in the test group were 9.7% and 14.3%, at 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. The test group showed additional reduction of 35.3% and 54.5% in the gingival severity, at week 4 and 6, respectively. It is concluded that the mouthwash containing CPC and zinc lactate presents significant anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effects as compared to positive and negative control mouthwashes.

Methodological aspects in the study of periodontal breakdown in rats: influence of the presence and time of ligature / Aspectos metodológicos no estudo da destruiçãoperiodontal em ratos: influência da presençae tempo de ligadura

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different times on alveolar bone loss (ABL) and whether the presence of ligature on one side affects ABL on the contralateral site.This is a secondary analysis of databases from studies conductedat the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Included studiesused ligature­induced periodontal disease in rats. In order to beincluded, the studies were required to have a control group withoutany ligatures and an intra­group control. Three studies were included, which used different time periods: 2 weeks with ligatureand 8 weeks without ligature; 5 weeks with ligature and 17 weekswithout ligature; 22 weeks with and without ligature. Animals wereraised similarly and sacrificed by decapitation. Maxillae weredefleshed with 9% sodium hypochlorite. Pictures were taken andfive measurements were obtained from each image.The presence of ligature generated significantly greater ABL compared to sides without ligature. Comparing sides with ligature, ABL was lower at 2 weeks than at 5 and 22 weeks. Sides without ligature showed no significant difference between 8 and 17 weeks for spontaneous periodontitis. However, after22 weeks, animals exhibited significantly greater ABL whencompared to other periods. The presence of ligature on oneside did not influence ABL on the contralateral side. Two weeks of ligature­induced periodontal disease seems to besufficient to demonstrate significant ABL. Teeth withoutligature contralateral to teeth with ligature may be considered sound controls, thereby reducing the amount of animals neededin periodontal research.

Avaliar o efeito de diferentes períodos experimentais e se a presença de ligadura em um dos lados afeta a perda óssea alveolar (POA) no lado contra lateral. O presente estudo trata se de uma análise secundária dos bancos de dados de estudos realizados na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os estudos incluídos utilizaram o modelo de indução de doença periodontal por ligadura em ratos. Os estudos necessitavam possuir grupo controle sem ligadura, assim como controle intra­ grupo. Foram incluídos 3 estudos, com diferentes períodos de análise: 2 semanas com ligadura e 8 semanas sem ligadura;5 semanas com ligadura e 17 semanas sem ligadura; 22semanas com e sem ligadura. Os ratos foram criados nas mesmas condições, sacrificados por decapitação, as maxilas retiradas e os tecidos moles removidos com hipoclorito de sódio 9%. Tomadas fotográficas foram realizadas e cinco mensurações foram obtidas de cada imagem. A presença de ligadura gerou uma perda óssea alveolar significativamente maior quando comparado ao lado sem ligadura. Nos lados com ligadura um período de 2 semanas mostra menor perda óssea alveolar que 5 e 22 semanas. Lados sem ligadura foram avaliados e não observou­ se diferença significativa entre 8 e 17 semanas para periodontite espontânea. No entanto a partir de 22 semanas os animais exibiram significativamente maior perda óssea alveolar quando comparado aos demais tempos experimentais. A presença de ligadura em um dos lados não influenciou a perda óssea do lado contra lateral. Duas semanas de doença periodontal induzida por ligadura parece ser suficiente para demonstrar perda óssea significativa e a utilização de lados contra laterais de dentes com ligadura é possível de ser considerada como controles saudáveis, reduzindo o número de animais em pesquisa.

The effect of inflammatory response modulator agents on gingivitis and periodontitis / Efeito do uso de agentes moduladores de resposta inflamatória em gengivites e periodontites

ABSTRACT Periodontal diseases are infecto-inflammatory diseases. Literature, has tried to elucidate the infections component of gingivitis and periodontitis, for several years. In recent years, much has been discussed about the role of the host response modulators to periodontal therapeutic procedures. The aim of the present literature review was to evaluate the effect of host response modulating agents (anti-inflammatories) on the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis. A search in the main databases was performed and human and animal studies were selected. The majority of studies was performed in humans and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in different dosages were used. The results have shown a potential benefit of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs concerning the microbial challenge. However, this benefit seems not to occur in the long term, thus not supporting it as a periodontal therapeutic approach. Few studies evaluated the effect of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Moreover, the results in humans and animals are controversial, pointing to a possible deleterious effect of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on periodontal structures.

RESUMO Doenças periodontais são doenças de natureza infecto-inflamatória. A literatura, por muitos anos, preocupou-se em elucidar somente o aspecto infeccioso de gengivites e periodontites. Nos últimos anos, muito tem-se debatido quanto ao papel da modulação da resposta do organismo como medida terapêutica periodontal. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da presente revisão de literatura foi avaliar o efeito de agentes moduladores da resposta inflamatória (antiinflamatórios) na patogênese de gengivites e periodontites. Foi realizada uma busca nas principais bases de dados sendo selecionados estudos em humanos e em modelo animal. Observou-se que a maioria dos estudos foi realizada em humanos e utilizou antiinflamatórios não-esteróides) em diferentes posologias. Os resultados dos estudos apontam para um potencial efeito benéfico dos antiinflamatórios não-esteróides frente ao desafio microbiano. Entretanto, esse benefício parece não ocorrer a longo prazo não sendo justificado seu uso como medida terapêutica periodontal. Poucos estudos avaliaram o efeito dos antiinflamatórios esteróides na patogênese das doenças periodontais. Além disso, os resultados dos estudos tanto em humanos quanto em animais são controversos, mas apontam para um possível efeito deletério dos antiinflamatórios esteróides sobre as estruturas periodontais.

Effect of 15% Alcohol Dependence on Alveolar Bone Loss and TNF-α Secretion in Wistar Rats

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 15% alcohol dependence on ligature-induced alveolar bone loss and TNF- secretion in Wistar rats. Thirty-three male Wistar rats aged 45-60 days (mean weight=253 g) were randomly allocated test or control groups. Test group (n=18) received 15% alcohol as liquid intake and control group (n=15) received water during the experimental period. TNF-α was analyzed by ELISA assay in 11 animals per group. After 14 days of alcohol/water intake, alcohol dependency was assessed and silk ligatures were placed around the left second upper molars. Ligature presence and body weight were checked weekly. After 40 days, animals were sacrificed and the maxillae were defleshed for morphometric analysis using standardized images. All animals in the test group displayed signs of alcohol dependency at day 14. No statistically significant differences in final body weight (334.83±21.38 vs. 322.48±30.65 g, p=0.20) were observed between groups. In relation to alveolar bone loss, no statistically significant difference was observed among test and control groups both for ligated teeth (0.76±0.06 vs. 0.74±0.10 mm, p=0.60) and unligated teeth (0.41±0.16 vs. 0.35±0.05 mm, p=0.22). The TNF-α secretion also did not display statistically significant differences between test and control groups (10.78±1.84 vs. 12.13±2.11 pg/mL, p=0.12). It may be concluded that 15% alcohol dependency was not capable to alter alveolar bone loss and TNF-α secretion in Wistar rats.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dependência de álcool a 15% sobre a perda óssea alveolar induzida e secreção de TNF-α em ratos Wistar. Trinta e três ratos wistar com idade entre 45 e 60 dias (peso médio=253 g) foram alocados aleatoriamente para o grupo teste ou controle. O grupo teste (n=18) recebeu álcool a 15% como ingestão líquida e o grupo controle (n=15) recebeu água durante o período experimental. TNF-α foi analisado por meio de ELISA em 11 animais por grupo. Após 14 dias de ingestão de álcool/água a dependência do álcool foi determinada e ligaduras de seda foram colocadas ao redor dos segundos molares superiores esquerdos. A presença das ligaduras e o peso corporal foram verificadas semanalmente. Depois de 40 dias os animais foram sacrificados e as maxilas foram preparadas para análise morfométrica em fotografias estandardizadas. Todos os animais do grupo teste apresentaram sinais de dependência de álcool no dia 14. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no peso corporal final entre os grupos (334,83±21,38 vs. 322,48±30,65 gramas, p=0,20) Em relação a perda óssea alveolar, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos teste e controle tanto para dentes com (0,76±0,06 vs. 0,74±0,10 mm, p=0,60) como para dentes sem ligadura (0,41±0,16 vs. 0,35±0,05 mm, p=0,22). A secreção de TNF-α também não demonstrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos teste e controle (10,78±1,84 vs. 12,13±2,11 pg/mL, p=0,12). Pode-se concluir que a dependência de álcool a 15% não foi capaz de alterar a perda óssea alveolar e a secreção de TNF-α em ratos Wistar.

Efficacy of two soft-bristle toothbrushes in plaque removal: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy in supragingival plaque removal of two soft-bristle toothbrushes. Seventy volunteers were allocated randomly to the Colgate Slim Soft or Curaprox CS5460 toothbrush grourps. At baseline appointment, volunteers underwent plaque examination using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. Under supervision, they then brushed their teeth for 1minute with their assigned toothbrushes and the plaque examination was repeated. Volunteers performed daily oral hygiene with their assigned toothbrush and a regular dentifrice provided by the researchers for 7 days. The baseline experimental procedures were then repeated. Separate analyses of variance were performed for the whole-mouth, interproximal, and gumline plaque scores (p < 0.05). No difference in baseline pre-brushing scores was found between groups. After a single toothbrushing, the mean plaque score was significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05), with greater reduction of whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores observed in the SlimSoft group compared with the Curaprox group (p < 0.05). After 7 days, the SlimSoft group showed greater reduction of the whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores compared with the Curaprox group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the SlimSoft toothbrush presented greater efficacy in supragingival plaque removal than did the Curaprox CS5460 toothbrush, as reflected by whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores.

Soluções para bochecho: seu papel como mais um recurso disponível para controle do biofilme supragengival / Mouthrinses: their role as an additional resource available for controlling supragingival plaque

O controle do biofilme supragengival é reconhecidamente a forma mais adequada para prevenção e tratamento das doenças bucais mais prevalentes. Padrões adequados de controle do biofilme supragengival têm sido associados a menores taxas de incidência de cárie, doenças periodontais e perda dentária. Além do papel direto no controle das doenças bucais, hábitos de controle do biofilme supragengival são considerados parte dos hábitos saudáveis que são associados com melhores condições de saúde geral, principalmente de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Tradicionalmente o controle do biofilme supragengival é realizado com escova de dente nas faces livres e complementado por fio dental ou outro agente no espaço interproximal. Entretanto, os dados de estudos demonstram que a qualidade do controle do biofilme supragengival da forma como é executada pelas populações é baixa. Assim, o dentifrício tem sido utilizado como coadjuvante. Além disso, é possível que o uso de soluções colutórias faça parte do conjunto de medidas para melhorar o controle caseiro do biofilme. Esta coluna tem por objetivo discorrer sobre o potencial das soluções colutórias em incrementar a qualidade do controle do biofilme supragengival realizado pelo paciente...

Supragingival biofilm control is known to be the most adequate approach for prevention and treatment of the most prevalent oral diseases. Adequate patterns of supragingival biofilm control have been associated with lower incidence rates of caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss. In addition to the direct role in the control of oral diseases, biofilm control habits are considered part of the healthy habits that have been associated with better general health, especially in relation to chronic noncommunicable diseases. Traditionally, supragingival biofilm control is performed with toothbrushing on the free surfaces and complemented by floss or other aid in the interproximal space. However, data from studies demonstrates that the quality of supragingival biofilm control as it is performed by the populations is low. Therefore, dentifrices have been used as an adjunct. Further, it is possible that the use of mouthrinses be part of the armamentarium for improved biofilm homecare. The aim of this column is to address the potential of mouthrinses to enhance supragingival biofilm control performed by the patient...

Effects of Alcohol and/or Tobacco Exposure on Spontaneous Alveolar Bone Loss in Rat

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure on spontaneous alveolar bone loss in Wistar rats. Twenty-four, male, 60 day-old, Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups: Group 1 received 10 mL/kg of glucose solution (5%). Group 2 received 2 g/kg alcohol (20%). Group 3 was exposed to tobacco smoke (6 cigarettes/60 min). Group 4 received both interventions of groups 2 and 3. Alcohol was given by gastric gavage and cigarette exposure was performed using a forced ventilation chamber. After 30 days, animals were sacrificed and the upper maxillae removed and defleshed. Morphometric analysis of alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the second molar was performed in standardized digital photographs. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA and occurrence of spontaneous periodontal disease (ABL ≥ 0.39 mm) was analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Significant differences in body weight were observed between all groups. Group 2 presented higher body weight as compared to the 3 other groups at 4 weeks (p≤0.05). Mean ABL values were 0.31 mm (±0.08), 0.29 mm (±0.07), 0.33 mm (±0.10), and 0.33 mm (±0.08) for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. No significant differences were found among groups. In the analysis of occurrence of periodontal breakdown, alcohol exposure decreased the occurrence of ABL and cigarette exposure increased ABL. The combination of alcohol and cigarette exposure did not differ from the control group. Alcohol consumption decreased the occurrence of periodontal breakdown, while tobacco increased this rate.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição do álcool e/ou tabaco sobre a perda óssea alveolar (POA) espontânea em ratos Wistar. Vinte e quatro ratos, machos, com 60 dias de vida foram divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo 1 recebeu 10 mL/kg de solução de glicose (5%). Grupo 2 recebeu 2 g/kg de álcool (20%). Grupo 3 foi exposto a fumaça do tabaco (6 cigarros/60 min). Grupo 4 recebeu a mesma intervenção dos grupos 2 e 3. A solução de álcool foi dada por meio de gavagem e a exposição ao tabaco foi realizada por meio de câmara de ventilação forçada. Após 30 dias de experimento, os animais foram sacrificados e as maxilas removidas. Análise morfométrica da POA ao redor do segundo molar superior foi realizada de modo padronizada. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio de teste t pareado e ANOVA. Ocorrência de doença periodontal espontânea (POA ≥ 0,39 mm) foi realizada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Diferenças significativas no peso corporal médio foram observadas em todos os grupos. Grupo 2 apresentou maior peso corporal médio quando comparado aos outros 3 grupos ao fim do experimento (p≤0,05). A média de POA foi 0,31 mm (±0,08); 0,29 mm (±0,07); 0,33 mm (±0,10) e 0,33 mm (±0,08) para os grupos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Na análise de ocorrência de destruição periodontal, a exposição de álcool diminuiu sua ocorrência, enquanto que exposição ao tabaco aumentou a POA espontânea. A combinação de álcool e tabaco não diferiu do grupo controle.

Síndrome metabólica: qual é seu significado para a odontologia? / Metabolic syndrome: what is the relevance in dentistry?

A síndrome metabólica é definida pela ocorrência simultânea de alterações que incluem obesidade abdominal, intolerância a glicose. Hipertensão e dislipidermia. Sua prevalência tem sido considerada alta, tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto em desenvolvimento, e associada a um importante incremento nas alterações cardiovasculares na população. Em odontologia, raros estudos avaliaram o impacto da síndrome metabólica nas doenças da cavidade bucal, sendo a área de periodontia pioneira na demonstração da relação entre os componentes da síndrome metabólica e as doenças periodontais. Assim, é fundamental que os estudos continuem, à medida que, por se tratar de uma doença com forte componente comportamental, outras áreas da odontologia poderão identificar influência da síndrome metabólica nos desfechos de saúde bucal. Por ser profissão de saúde e de caráter científico, a odontologia deve levar em conta os acontecimentos gerados, sem perder de vista os conceitos de integridade na atenção. Nesse contexto, é imperioso que o profissional da odontologia conheça os componentes da síndrome, a fim de investigar sua relação com os agravos relacionados à saúde bucal, bem como encaminhar o paciente ao adequado tratamento junto à equipe de saúde, ampliando assim o espectro de atuação da profissão.

Metabolic syndrome is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of changes such as abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Its prevalence has been considered high for both developed and under development countries, and has been associated to a significant increase of cardiovascular disease in the population. In Dentistry, few studies have assessed the impact of the metabolic syndrome on oral diseases and periodontology was pioneering to demonstrate the relationship between the components of the metabolic syndrome to periodontal diseases. Thus, it is critical that studies continue to be performed, because it is a disease with a strong behavioral component and therefore other areas of Dentistry can identify the influence of the metabolic syndrome on oral health outcomes. Taking into consideration the role of Dentistry as a health profession with scientific characteristics, it should be taken into consideration the comprehensiveness of this syndrome. In this context, it is important that the dental professional acknowledges the components of this syndrome in order to investigate its relationship with oral health problems, as well as to refer the patient to an adequate treatment with a multidisciplinary heath team.

Correlation analysis of alveolar bone loss in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces in rats

The aim was to correlate alveolar bone loss in the buccal/palatal and the mesial/distal surfaces of upper molars in rats. Thirty-three, 60-day-old, male Wistar rats were divided in two groups, one treated with alcohol and the other not treated with alcohol. All rats received silk ligatures on the right upper second molars for 4 weeks. The rats were then euthanized and their maxillae were split and defleshed with sodium hypochlorite (9%). The cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) was stained with 1% methylene blue and the alveolar bone loss in the buccal/palatal surfaces was measured linearly in 5 points on standardized digital photographs. Measurement of the proximal sites was performed by sectioning the hemimaxillae, restaining the CEJ and measuring the alveolar bone loss linearly in 3 points. A calibrated and blinded examiner performed all the measurements. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient revealed values of 0.96 and 0.89 for buccal/lingual and proximal surfaces, respectively. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) between measurements in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces was 0.35 and 0.05 for the group treated with alcohol, with and without ligatures, respectively. The best correlations between buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces were observed in animals not treated with alcohol, in sites both with and without ligatures (r = 0.59 and 0.65, respectively). A positive correlation was found between alveolar bone loss in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces. The correlation is stronger in animals that were not treated with alcohol, in sites without ligatures. Areas with and without ligature-induced periodontal destruction allow detection of alveolar bone loss in buccal/palatal and proximal surfaces.

Inter-relação entre síndrome metabólica e doença periodontal: uma revisão da literatura / Interrelationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease: a literature review

O presente estudo fez uma revisão da literatura sobre aspectos relacionados à inter-relação entre síndrome metabólica e doenças periodontais. Estudos de associação são demonstrados e uma reflexão sobre o que existe de evidências até o momento foi realizada para orientar profissionais da Medicina e da Odontologia. Dentre os principais achados, são destacados que estudos, especialmente em populações orientais, demonstram associação epidemiológica entre doenças periodontais e síndrome metabólica. Ensaios clínicos controlados com validade interna e externa ainda não existem, o que sugere aos profissionais da Medicina e da Odontologia a necessidade de manterem-se alertas para a possível associação, até que causalidade possa ou não ser estabelecida. Nesse sentido, é importante que sejam divulgadas à comunidade a informação e as hipóteses em estudo, para que se tenha uma abordagem interdisciplinar e multiprofissional na atenção ao portador de síndrome metabólica

The present study performed a literature review about aspects related to the interrelationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal diseases. Association studies are demonstrated and a reflexion about the existing evidence up to date was performed in order to inform Medical and Dental professionals. Among the main findings, studies are detailed, especially in oriental populations, in which epidemiological association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal diseases is demonstrated. Controlled clinical trials with internal and external validity are inexistent, suggesting that medical and dental professionals should keep alert of the possible association until causality can or cannot be established. In this sense, it is important that the information and the hypotheses under test are spread to the community in order to emphasize an interdisciplinary and multiprofessional approach to the individual that has metabolic syndrome.

Dentine hypersensitivity: analysis of self-care products

Dentine hypersensitivity is a condition that is often present in individuals, leading them to seek dental treatment. It has been described as an acute, provoked pain that is not attributable to other dental problems. Its actual prevalence is unknown, but it is interpreted as very unpleasant by individuals. Several therapeutic alternatives are available to manage dentine hypersensitivity, involving both in-office treatment and home-use products. The aim of this literature review was to evaluate self-care products for managing dentine hypersensitivity. Among the products available, dentifrices and fluorides are the most studied self-care products, with positive effects. However, a high percentage of individuals is affected by the placebo effect. Among dentifrices, those containing potassium salts seem to be the most promising. Dental professionals need to understand the advantages and limitations of these therapies and use this knowledge in a positive approach that might help in decreasing dentine hypersensitivity among patients.

The effect of dexamethasone in the pathogenesis of ligature-induced periodontal disease in Wistar rats

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o papel do uso sistêmico da dexametasona na patogênese da perda óssea alveolar induzida em ratos. Em 26 ratos Wistar fêmeas, foram colocadas ligaduras em torno do seu segundo molar superior, servindo o lado contralateral como controle intragrupo. Foram formados dois grupos. O grupo teste recebeu 0,5 mg/kg de dexametasona subcutaneamente a cada três dias durante um período de 30 dias. O grupo controle recebeu a mesma quantidade de solução salina. Após 30 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e suas maxilas removidas. Para o preparo das peças foi usado hipoclorito de sódio e, para corar a junção cemento-esmalte, foi usado azul de metileno. A análise morfométrica da perda óssea alveolar foi realizada por fotografias digitais padronizadas, e a distância entre a junção cemento-esmalte e a crista óssea alveolar foi medida pelo programa ImageTool 3.0. A calibração intra-examinador revelou um coeficiente de Pearson de 0,99. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste t pareado ou teste t para amostras independentes, conforme apropriado (a = 0,05). A dexametasona aumentou a média de perda óssea alveolar na periodontite induzida por ligadura em relação ao grupo controle (0,77 e 0,61 por vestibular e 0,65 e 0,56 por palatino, respectivamente). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas intergrupos nos dentes sem ligadura. No modelo animal usado neste estudo, a dexametasona aumentou a progressão de perda óssea alveolar induzida por ligadura.